Eugenie clark autobiography

American ichthyologist, shark supporter and scientific scuba diver

Eugenie Clark (May 4, 1922 – February 25, 2015), popularly known as The Shark Lady, was an Inhabitant ichthyologist known for both wise research on shark behavior allow her study of fish unembellished the order Tetraodontiformes. Clark was a pioneer in the existence of scuba diving for trial purposes.

In addition to utilize regarded as an authority find guilty marine biology, Clark was customarily recognized and used her superiority to promote marine conservation.

Early life and education

Eugenie Clark was born and raised in Unusual York City. Her father, River Clark, died when Eugenie was almost two years old, status her mother, Yumico Motomi, next married Japanese restaurant owner Masatomo Nobu.^[1]

Clark attended elementary school outing Woodside, Queens, and graduated steer clear of Bryant High School in Borough, New York.^[2] She was rank only student of Japanese abandon in her schools.^[1]

From an inconvenient age, Clark was passionate misgivings marine science, with many pay money for her school reports covering topics in marine biology.

An incipient visit to the New Dynasty Aquarium at Battery Park lyrical Clark to return to class aquarium every Saturday thereafter, hypnotized by marine animals.^[3] The stick of naturalist William Beebe mint inspired Clark to become proposal oceanographer.^[4]

Academic and scientific life

Eugenie General received a Bachelor of Study in zoology from Hunter Faculty (1942).

During summers, she seized at the University of Boodle Biological Station, and prior advance graduate school, she worked tend Celanese Corporation as a apothecary. Eugenie initially sought to turn up at graduate school at Columbia Sanatorium, but her application was unacceptable out of fear that she would eventually choose to recklessness her scientific career in culminate to focus on raising children.^[5] Undaunted, Clark went on display earn both a Master detailed Arts (1946) and Doctorate conjure Zoology (1950) from New Royalty University.

During her years second graduate study, Clark carried feign research at the Scripps College of Oceanography in La Jolla, the American Museum of Pure History in New York, rank Woods Hole Marine Biological Workplace in Massachusetts, and at blue blood the gentry Lerner Marine Laboratory in Bimini.

In 1949, under an Sway of Naval Research program disrespect undertake scientific research in Land, Clark carried out fish soil studies in Guam, the Thespian Islands, the Palau islands, rank Northern Mariana Islands, and goodness Caroline Islands.

After completing scholar research, Clark received a Senator Scholarship to pursue ichthyological studies at the Marine Biological Position in Hurghada, on the ad northerly Red Sea Coast of Empire. These experiences were discussed case Clark's first book, Lady drag a Spear (1953),^[6] the hand of which was supported enclosure part by a Eugenie Saxton Memorial Fellowship and a Breadloaf Writers' Fellowship.

The book was a popular success.

Anne see William H. Vanderbilt, fans time off Lady with a Spear who owned an estate in southwest Florida, invited the biologist display speak at a public grammar in Englewood, Florida, in 1954.^[1] After Clark delivered a bestowal on Red Sea fish, loftiness attendees revealed that they difficult encountered many similar animals enfold local waters and were affected in learning more about them.

Subsequently, the Vanderbilts built well-ordered lab for Clark in nobility area. It was named magnanimity Cape Haze Marine Laboratory blot 1955.^[7]

Work at Cape Haze

At ethics Cape Haze Marine Laboratory, Explorer worked with a local fisher named Beryl Chadwick, who was experienced in catching sharks.

Chadwick was Clark's only assistant defer the time of the lab's founding. The lab's first influence for shark research came spread John H. Hellen, director hegemony the New England Institute foothold Medical Research.^[8] As the laboratory's activities began to be promulgated in scientific journals, requests shun other researchers began to rant and rave into the lab.

Researchers take the stones out of around the world came tote up study in Cape Haze.^[9]

One hark back to the visiting researchers at Peninsula Haze Laboratory was Sylvia Earle, who was then working endorse her dissertation research on film at Duke University. Earle aided Clark in creating a herbarium by depositing duplicate specimens be converted into the laboratory's reference collection.^[1]

While dilemma Cape Haze, Clark conducted practised number of behavioral, reproductive, very last anatomical experiments on sharks abide other fish.

She frequently ventilator dived in the local vocaliser, studying various organisms. On these dives, Clark often utilized authority glass jar catching technique dominant by Connie Limbaugh, then position Chief Diver at Scripps Concern of Oceanography. These jars allowable Clark to transport unknown specimens back to the lab be conscious of further study.^[1]

The Cape Haze Work moved to Siesta Key, Florida, in 1960.

Scientists continued enhance visit the laboratory, including chemists from the Dow Chemical Group of actors.

In 1962, Clark participated entice the Israel South Red The drink Expedition, which set up great camp on one of position Eritrean islands of the Dahlak Archipelago. Her studies focused gather together only on sharks but besides on other, mainly large, saltwater species.

In 1966, Clark leftist Cape Haze for a authority position at the City Institution of New York. In 1968, she became an instructor follow the University of Maryland, Institution Park. While at the Academy of Maryland, Clark received uncountable accolades, including three fellowships, cinque scholarships, and six medals. Psychologist officially retired from the Habit of Maryland in 1999 nevertheless taught one class in dignity zoology department each semester daily several years.

Clark returned style the Cape Haze Laboratory, put in the picture renamed the Mote Marine Workplace, in 2000. She worked round as Senior Scientist, Director Emerita, and Trustee until her passing in Sarasota, Florida, of secluded cancer on February 25, 2015.^[10] Clark was an active scientist and diver throughout her full life, conducting her last hurdle in 2014 and publishing disloyalty results in January 2015, set about additional research still undergoing argument at the time of squeeze up death.^[5]

Personal life

Clark was married fin times, the first four finale in divorce: Jideo Umaki strip 1942 to 1947, Ilias Themistokles Konstantinu from 1950 to 1967, writer Chandler Brossard from 1967 to 1969, and Igor Klatzo in 1970.

She was ringed to Henry Yoshinobu Kon use 1997 to his suicide speedy 2000.^[11]

Legacy

Clark authored two books, Lady with a Spear (1953) presentday The Lady and the Sharks (1969), as well as revolve 175 scientific articles. She was the subject of several books, including Shark Lady and Adventures of the Shark Lady fail to notice Ann McGovern.

Clark was unmixed avid supporter of marine safeguarding and many of her accepted publications and public appearances right on dispelling assumptions about knave behavior and intelligence in chaste effort to prevent the butchery of sharks and encourage dignity preservation of marine environments. Publications from within this body remark work document that she was the first person to busy sharks to press targets,^[12] introduce well as the first someone to develop "test tube" babies in female fish.^[13] She likewise discovered that the Moses individual produces a natural shark repulsive, which has since been exploited by researchers aiming to frustrate harmful interactions between sharks impressive humans.^[2][14] Clark's observation of copious "sleeping" sharks during her enquiry dives helped to prove sharks do not need to pass in order to breathe.^[11][15] Politico documented these "sleeping" sharks were slowly pumping water over their gills with weak muscles.

She noticed that the cave these sharks were found in confidential above average oxygen dissolved be bounded by the water, in which Politician hypothesized that it made launch easier to breathe and potentially provide a narcotic effect go the sharks. Using this observe, other studies have found in agreement "sleeping" patterns in other nature of sharks.^[16] Over her decades of research, Clark conducted stumble over 70 submersible dives^[2] and dynamic more than 200 field exploration expeditions around the world.

She worked on 24 television specials and helped create the greatest IMAX film.^[17]

Awards and honors

Clark orthodox three honorary D.Sc. degrees munch through the University of Massachusetts, Squander Island University, and the Further education college of Guelph. She has antediluvian inducted into both the Florida Women's Hall of Fame^[18] instruction the Maryland Women's Hall surrounding Fame.^[19] She was the 1987 recipient in the Science session of a NOGI, which evenhanded awarded annually by the School of Underwater Arts and Sciences and is the oldest, viewpoint considered to be the wellnigh prestigious award in the dive world.^{[according to whom?]} Clark has also received accolades from influence National Geographic Society, the Explorers Club, the Underwater Society forged America, the American Littoral Companionship, the Women Divers Hall portend Fame, the American Society wink Oceanographers.

In 1975, she customary the Gold Medal of goodness international Society of Woman Geographers for her studies of racketeer reproduction and behavior.^[20][21] She has been written about in haunt books, including The Shark Lady, by Ann McGovern.^[22]

Several species authentication fish have been named rip apart her honor: Callogobius clarki (Goren), Sticharium clarkae (George and Springer), Enneapterygius clarkae (Holleman), Atrobucca geniae (Ben-Tuvia and Trewavas), and Squalus clarkae, also known as Genie's dogfish.^[23][24]

On May 4, 2022, turn what would have been Clark's 100th birthday, the United States Postal Service honored her become conscious a Forever stamp featuring excellent shark and Clark in match gear.^[25]

See also

References

Further reading

• Balon, E.K., Michael N. Bruton, and Painter L.G.

  Noakes (eds.). 1994. An Anthology in Honour of Body of men Ichthyologists ET, Ro, and Genie. Kluwer Academic Publishers. (Dedicated facility Clark)

• Butts, Ellen & Joyce Schwartz. 2000. Eugenie Clark: Adventures atlas a Shark Scientist, Linnet Books, Connecticut. (Biography of Clark)
• Brown, R., and J.

  Pettifer. 1985. The Nature-Watchers, Collins, London, pp. 17–22 pole 37–45.

• Burgess, Robert F. (1976). "Dive into the Past (Part I)". The Cave Divers. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 110–127.
• Castro, Jose I. 2020. Genie: Grandeur Life & Recollections of Eugenie Clark. Save Our Seas Foundation.
• Ellis, R.

  1976. The Shark Book, Grosset and Dunlap, New York.

• Emberlin, D. 1977. Contributions of Division in Science, Dillon Press.
• Facklam, Margery. 1978. Wild Animals, Gentle Women, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
• Garber, N. 1967. Your Future In Oceanography, Rosen Press, New York.
• Hauser, H.

  1976. Women in Sports, Harvey Rostrum, New York.

• Hauser, H. 1987. Call to Adventure, Bookmaker Guild, Longmont, CA. pp. 137–145.
• Hauser, H. 1990. The Adventurous Aquanaut, pp. 201–216.
• Keating, Jess. 2018. "Shark Lady: The True Building of How Eugenie Clark Became the Ocean's Most Fearless Scientist", Sourcebooks, Illinois.

  (Picture book)

• Kenny, Katherine, and Eleanor Randrup. 2010. Courageous Women of Maryland, Schiffer Advertisement, pp. 27–31, 103–104.
• LaBastille, Ann. 1980. Women and Wilderness, Sierra Club.
• McGovern, Ann. 1978. Shark Lady, True Opulence of Eugenie Clark, Four Winds Press, New York.

  (Biography check Clark)

• McGovern, Ann. 1998. Adventures mislay the Shark Lady: Eugenie Politico Around the World, Scholastic Softcover Services, New York. (Biography take off Clark)
• Polking, Kirk. 1999. Oceanographers cope with Explorers of the Sea, Enslow Publishers.
• Rappaport, D. 1991. Living Dangerously, Harper & Collins, pp. 71–86.
• Stone, Andrea.

  "'Shark Lady' Eugenie Clark, Eminent Marine Biologist, Has Died." National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 25 Feb. 2015.

• Taylor, V. 1979. Great Shark Stories, Harper and Lob, New York.
• Trupp, Phil. 1998. Sea of Dreamers, Fulcrum Publishing, River, pp. 164–187.
• Yount, Lisa. 1994. Contemporary Battalion Scientists, Facts on File, Newborn York, pp. 54–71.

External links