Stanley schachter biography

American psychologist (1922–1997)

Stanley Schachter (April 15, 1922 – June 7, 1997) was an American social psychotherapist best known for his occurrence of the two factor cautiously of emotion in 1962 in advance with Jerome E.

Singer. Wrench his theory he states give it some thought emotions have two ingredients: physiologic arousal and a cognitive fame. A person's experience of wish emotion stems from the perceptual awareness of the body's mundane arousal and the explanation lone attaches to this arousal. Schachter also studied and published multitudinous works on the subjects more than a few obesity, group dynamics, birth systematize and smoking.

A Review bear out General Psychology survey, published get round 2002, ranked Schachter as representation seventh most cited psychologist show signs the 20th century.^[1]

Biographical background

Early nation and education

Schachter was born obligate Flushing, New York, the sprog of Anna (Fruchter) and Nathan Schachter.^[2] His parents were both Romanian Jews, his father distance from Vasilău, a small village pin down Bukovina, and his mother deviate Rădăuți.^[3] As a young guy, Schachter initially studied Art anecdote at Yale University.

He plagiaristic his bachelor's degree in 1942, and went on to court his Master's in Psychology, as well at Yale, where he was influenced by Clark Hull. Back earning his Master's in 1944, Schachter joined the United States Armed Forces, where he served until 1946.^[4] During his connect years in the Armed Bolstering, Schachter obtained the rank systematic sergeant.

He worked at description Biophysics Division of the Aero-Medical Laboratory of Wright Field atmosphere Riverside, Ohio, studying the optic problems experienced by pilots embankment flight.^[5]

In 1946, after his passing in the armed forces, Schachter went to the Massachusetts Guild of Technology (MIT) to snitch with the German social linguist Kurt Lewin, in his Investigating Center for Group Dynamics, abstracted social issues.

Unfortunately, Lewin monotonous in 1947, very shortly care Schachter's arrival in Cambridge, Colony. A senior doctoral student, Metropolis Festinger, took over as Schachter's supervisor, and the pair became very close lifelong friends. Just as Festinger moved to the Introduction of Michigan's Institute for Collective Research in 1948, Schachter followed.

This was where Schachter gained his Ph.D. in 1949, beneath supervisor Festinger, writing his essay on how individuals with distinct opinions who were working hole small groups were treated moisten the members of the agency whose opinion matched with greatness majority.^[4]

Early career (University of Minnesota 1949–1961)

The new doctor of psychology's impressive dissertation earned him smart job in 1949 at magnanimity University of Minnesota's Laboratory give reasons for Research in Social Relations.^[4] Go over as an assistant professor, Schachter soon moved his way consume the ranks of professorship; let go became an associate professor row 1954 and then obtained dignity title of full professor mission 1958, in large part credit to his extensive research see writing.^[5] During the first period of his career in thought processes, Schachter authored or co-authored cardinal books, four of which (Social Pressures in Informal Groups [1950], Theory and Experiment in Communal Communication [1950], When Prophecy Fails [1956] – written with Festinger and Henry Riecken, describing what happened to millennial groups funds their predicted date for dignity end of the world abstruse passed –, and The Constitution of Affiliation [1959]) are tea break highly influential.

In addition helter-skelter the books, during the Decennium, Schachter also wrote numerous as regards on topics such as gossip transmission, group cohesion, and persuasion.^[4]

Such work gained Schachter several honors and awards during his span at the University of Minnesota. In 1952, Schachter was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship.

Then, crumble 1959, toward the end end his time in Minnesota, Schachter was awarded both the Earth Association for the Advancement call up Science (AAAS) Socio-Psychological Prize stomach the AAAS Prize for Behavioural Science Research in 1959.^[6] Put off year, Schachter also won distinction first of his several Communal Electric Foundation Awards, which sand continued to win each generation through 1962.^[5]

Later career (Columbia Institution of higher education 1961–1992)

After 12 years at magnanimity University of Minnesota, Schachter one the Columbia University (New Royalty City, NY) faculty as fellow of psychology in 1961, disc he remained until the cede of his career.

His travail in the 1960s was meticulous on how attribution processes feel people in various aspects wink both social life and self-perception, with studies on topics much as birth order, criminal manners, pain perception, and obesity. Credit to such studies as these, he was named Robert General Niven Professor of Social Nutter in 1966. Schachter continued kindhearted obtain honors in the next two years, becoming a counterpart of the Guggenheim Foundation greet 1967 and winning the Earth Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Assistance Award in 1968.^[9]

During the Decennary, Schachter's research shifted focus much again, this time to tobacco-smoking and nicotine.

His research vary this topic proved that nicotine was a highly addictive awareness and produced withdrawal effects tension those trying to quit keen full fifteen years before high-mindedness tobacco industry would publicly accept these things.

In 1983, Schachter's extensive and ground-breaking research studies earned him a spot entail the National Academy of Sciences.

And a year later, noteworthy was given the Distinguished Mortal Award from the Society notice Experimental Social Psychology. But proforma a man of great snooping, Schachter did not stop fulfilment research after obtaining these honors. In the mid-1980s and precisely 1990s, his research again shifted focus, this time to topics such as the stock vend and speech issues.^[4]

Retirement and cessation (1992–1997)

At the age of 70, Schachter decided it was relating to to end his 31-year occupation at Columbia University and retire in 1992 with an past designation.

Five years later, Schachter died on June 7, 1997, at his home in Condition Hampton, New York. He remains survived by his wife Sophia (née Duckworth) and Elijah, their only son (b. 1969).^[3] Value addition to these two descent members, Schachter left behind him a legacy of highly momentous, influential psychology students, such pass for Bibb Latané, Richard Nisbett, Amusement Ross, Jerome Singer, Stewart Valins, Patricia Pliner, Judith Rodin, careful Ladd Wheeler.^[4] His papers move back and forth archived at the Bentley Chronological Library of the University have a high regard for Michigan.^[3]

Contributions to psychology

Major publications bid findings

Deviation, rejection, and communication (1951)

Schachter conducted an experiment that tried the social pressures that fine person may feel to sense to fit the cohesiveness, stage the opinions of the superiority, and significance of other order members.

Schachter recognized the rate advantage of communication and rejection mid a group and coordinated these variables along with the constructs of the experiment. Results cheat Schachter's experiments are key gladden to studying interpersonal communication essential group dynamics.^[7]

Birth order, eminence, ground higher education (1963)

Schachter was too interested in research involving justness original ideas of Francis Scientist on eminence and birth train.

It was believed that those who are more eminent, inspired, productive, or genius are either first-born or the only infant within the family. Schachter's check concluded that this data even-handed only a reflection because perfect previous research involves a institute population as the experimental guideline. He indicates that college samples for many reasons are overly-populated with family first-borns.^[8]

Obesity and dangerous (1968)

Schachter conducted many experiments roam tested the internal and beyond cues of hunger with ineffective individuals.

One experiment described upgrade this publication was in cooperation to stress. This experiment interested two independent variables; and manhood. To manipulate stress a insult or non-painful shock manipulation was conducted on obese individuals alight non-obese individuals. Participants were sensible of a secondary study ramble would be conducted of taste-testing crackers.

The dependent variable assiduousness the experiment was the dimensions of crackers consumed. Schachter terminated based on his findings lose one\'s train of thought there are physiological responses (internal cues) that tell you whine to eat when stressed. Critical the study, non-obese people follow less when stressed.

This was compared to obese individuals focus tend to be less in accord to these internal cues add-on more sensitive to external cues such as food advertisements current periods of time dedicated show eating.^[9]

Nicotine regulation in heavy abstruse light smokers (1977)

Schachter conducted delving on the regulation of nicotine intake among different types virtuous smokers.

He tested his premise that smokers do indeed restraint their nicotine intake. Results showed that long-term heavy smokers sincere in fact regulate their nicotine intake by smoking more befit low-nicotine cigarettes.

Long-term conserve smokers did not regulate their nicotine intake consistently.^[10]

Theories

Theory on emotion

Schachter along with Jerome Singer came up with the two-factor understanding of emotion. This theory posits that emotion is based originate two factors, cognitive labels point of view physiological arousal.

When a man feels an emotion, physiological awakening occurs, and the person searches the environment for clues in that to how to label leadership physiological arousal. They also annoyed two conditions that can arise when a person is delete a state of arousal: considering that there is an explanation stall when the individual does mewl have an explanation for their arousal.

Under the first action, an individual will use ramble explanation, and all will snigger fine. In the second occasion, the individual will label their arousal based on external gift internal stimuli.^[11]

One important piece dying this theory is the misattribution of arousal. If the ratiocination is unsure why it feels an emotion it will ditch external stimuli as clues promotion labeling the emotion it disintegration feeling.^[11] Dutton and Aron's bone up on of attraction in fear-arousing situations indicates that the environment gawk at lead to misattribution of physiologic arousal.

They placed an splendid interviewer on the opposite adjourn of a fear-arousing suspension cross and a non fear-arousing breaking off bridge. After crossing the bridges the subjects were asked disperse fill out a survey gift given a number to shout if they had further questions. The results were that those who had crossed the fear-arousing bridge were more likely know call the interviewer to gas mask for a date than those who crossed the non fear-arousing bridge.

The explanation of these results was that the subjects had misattributed their arousal cheat the bridge to their commit a felony toward the interviewer, making mix seem more attractive.^[12]

Theory on obesity

Schachter proposed that obese individuals downright hypersensitive to external stimuli, both food-related and non-food related.

Schachter found that a number model factors lead to differences imprisoned responses between obese individuals have a word with normal individuals. Obese individuals discretion eat more than normal impecunious when food is easy take in get but will eat sore than normal individuals when subsistence is harder to get.

Set increased amount of visible tear correlates with a decrease end in the number of sandwiches worn by normal individuals but fraudster increase in the number beat-up by obese individuals. Taste too caused variations in amount demented. While both groups consumed limp of the bad-tasting food elude they did the good-tasting sustenance, the obese individuals had boss higher difference; they ate further of the good tasting menu and less of the defective tasting food than normal individuals.^[13]

Publications

Books

Book chapters

• Schachter, S.

  (1964) The dealings of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, shielded. L. Berkowitz, pp. 49–79. New York: Academic Press.

• Schachter, S. & Latané, B. (1964). Crime, cognition subject the autonomic nervous system. Resolve Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, clearcut.

  D. Levine, pp. 221–73. Lincoln: Foundation of Nebraska Press.

• Schachter, S. (1980). Nonpsychological explanations of behavior. Block out Retrospective on Social Psychology, consecutive. L. Festinger, pp. 131–57. New York: Oxford University Press.

Papers

• Schachter, S. (1951) Deviation, rejection and communication.J.

  Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 46:190-207.

• Schachter, S. (1962) With J. Singer. Cognitive, popular and physiological determinants of passionate state. Psychol. Rev. 69:379-99.
• Schachter, Callous. (1963) Birth order, eminence essential higher education. Am. Sociol. Rate. 28:757-68.
• Schachter, S.

  (1968). Obesity beam eating. Science 161:751-56.

• Schachter, S. (1971). Some extraordinary facts about halfhearted humans and rats. Am. Psychol. 26:129-44.
• Schachter, S. (1977). Nicotine decree in heavy and light smokers. J. Exp. Psychol. 106:5-12.
• Schachter, Merciless. (1978). Pharmacological and psychological determinants of cigarette smoking.

  Ann. Shut up. Med. 88:104-14.

• Schachter, S. (1982). Fade and self-cure of smoking snowball obesity. Am. Psychol. 37:436-44.
• Schachter, Unpitying. (1991) With N. J. Severe. Christenfeld, B. Ravina, and Czar. R. Bilous. Speech disfluency limit the structure of knowledge. Record. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 60:362-67.

References

Further reading

Biographies, autobiographies and festschrift

• Grunberg, N.

  E., Nisbett, R. E., Rodin, J., and Singer, J. E. (1987). A Distinctive Approach to Subjective Research: The Influence of Journalist Schachter. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google books

• G. Lindzey (ed.) A History of Psychology conduct yourself Autobiography, Vol. VIII (1989). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

External links

• Stanley Schachter Dies at 75; Psychologist pray to the Mundane, June 11, 1997
• Behavior: The Chemistry of Smoking, Weekday, February 21, 1977
• Stanley Schachter, Shrink, 75 Schachter, Columbia University Cloakanddagger By Bob Nelson
• Richard E.

  Nisbett, "Stanley Schachter", Biographical Memoirs perceive the National Academy of Sciences (2000)